微生物培養(yǎng)基的類型|種類有哪些？
發(fā)布時間：
2022-12-27
作者：
預(yù)灌裝培養(yǎng)基
微生物培養(yǎng)基的類型|種類有哪些？
1、按照培養(yǎng)基的成分來分 培養(yǎng)基按其所含成分，可分為合成培養(yǎng)基、天然培養(yǎng)基和半合成培養(yǎng)基三類。
（1）合成培養(yǎng)基。合成培養(yǎng)基的各種成分完全是已知的各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。這種培養(yǎng)基的化學(xué)成分清楚，組成成分精確，重復(fù)性強，但價格較貴，而且微生物在這類培養(yǎng)基中生長較慢。如高氏一號合成培養(yǎng)基、察氏（Czapek）培養(yǎng)基等。
（2）天然培養(yǎng)基。由天然物質(zhì)制成，如蒸熟的馬鈴薯和普通牛肉湯，前者用于培養(yǎng)霉菌，后者用于培養(yǎng)細菌。這類培養(yǎng)基的化學(xué)成分很不恒定，也難以確定，但配制方便，營養(yǎng)豐富，培養(yǎng)效果好，所以常被采用。
（3）半合成培養(yǎng)基。在天然有機物的基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)加入已知成分的無機鹽類，或在合成培養(yǎng)基的基礎(chǔ)上添加某些天然成分，如培養(yǎng)霉菌用的馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養(yǎng)基。這類培養(yǎng)基能更有效地滿足微生物對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的需要。
2、按照培養(yǎng)基的物理狀態(tài)分 培養(yǎng)基按其物理狀態(tài)可分為固體培養(yǎng)基、液體培養(yǎng)基和半固體培養(yǎng)基三類。
（1）固體培養(yǎng)基。是在培養(yǎng)基中加入凝固劑，有瓊脂、明膠、硅膠等。固體培養(yǎng)基常用于微生物分離、鑒定、計數(shù)和菌種保存等方面。
用于微生物分離，鑒定，計數(shù)。如圖，微生物分離成菌落、菌苔。圖中為大腸桿菌菌落，是用涂布平板法得到。
（2）半固體培養(yǎng)基。是在液體培養(yǎng)基中加入少量凝固劑而呈半固體狀態(tài)。可用于觀察細菌的運動、鑒定菌種和測定噬菌體的效價等方面。
用于觀察微生物運動特征。如圖，左側(cè)試管中微生物不運動，而右側(cè)試管中微生物運動，因而兩試管中現(xiàn)象不同。
（3）液體培養(yǎng)基。液體培養(yǎng)基中不加任何凝固劑。這種培養(yǎng)基的成分均勻，微生物能充分接觸和利用培養(yǎng)基中的養(yǎng)料，適于作生理等研究，由于發(fā)酵率高，操作方便，也常用于發(fā)酵工業(yè)。
用于觀察微生物生長狀態(tài)。如圖，此例中左側(cè)為表面生長，右側(cè)為沉淀生長，中間兩個為均勻混濁生長。
3、按照微生物的種類分 培養(yǎng)基按微生物的種類可分為細菌培養(yǎng)基、放線菌培養(yǎng)基、酵母菌培養(yǎng)基和霉菌培養(yǎng)基等四類。
（1）常用的細菌培養(yǎng)基有營養(yǎng)肉湯和營養(yǎng)瓊脂培養(yǎng)基。
（2）常用的放線菌培養(yǎng)基為高氏1號培養(yǎng)基。
（3）常用的酵母菌培養(yǎng)基有馬鈴薯蔗糖培養(yǎng)基和麥芽汁培養(yǎng)基。
（4）常用的霉菌培養(yǎng)基有馬鈴薯蔗糖培養(yǎng)基、豆芽汁蔗糖（或葡萄糖，葡萄糖比較昂貴）瓊脂培養(yǎng)基和察氏培養(yǎng)基等。
4、按照培養(yǎng)基用途分 培養(yǎng)基按其特殊用途可分為加富培養(yǎng)基、選擇性培養(yǎng)基和鑒別培養(yǎng)基。
（1）基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基。是含有一般微生物生長繁殖所需基本營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)基。牛肉膏蛋白胨培養(yǎng)基是最常用的 基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基。
（2）加富培養(yǎng)基。是在基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基中加入血、血清、動植物組織提取液制成的培養(yǎng)基。用于培養(yǎng)要求比較苛刻的某些微生物。
（3）選擇培養(yǎng)基。是在普通培養(yǎng)基中加入特殊營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)或化學(xué)物質(zhì)，以抑制不需要的微生物的生長，有利于所需微生物的生長。用于將某種或某類微生物從混雜的微生物群體中分離出來。
What are the types of microbial cultures?
1. According to the composition of the medium, the medium can be divided into three categories: synthetic medium, natural medium and semisynthetic medium.
(1) synthetic medium. The components of the synthetic medium are completely known chemical substances. The medium has clear chemical composition, precise composition and strong repeatability, but the price is more expensive, and the growth of microorganisms in this medium is slower. For example, Gao's synthetic medium and Czapek medium.
(2) natural medium. Made from natural substances, such as steamed potatoes and ordinary beef soup, the former is used for cultivating mold, while the latter is used for cultivating bacteria. The chemical composition of this kind of medium is very unstable and difficult to ascertain. But it is easy to prepare, rich in nutrients and good in culture, so it is often used.
(3) semisynthetic medium. On the basis of natural organic matter, the inorganic salts of the known ingredients are properly added, or some natural ingredients are added to the synthetic medium, such as the cultivation of potato glucose agar medium for mould. This kind of medium can more effectively meet the needs of microbes for nutrients.
2. According to the physical state of the medium, the medium can be divided into three categories: solid medium, liquid medium and semisolid medium according to their physical state.
(1) solid medium. It is added coagulant in the medium, agar, gelatin, silica gel and so on. Solid medium is often used for isolation, identification, enumeration and preservation of microorganisms.
Used for microbiological separation, identification, and counting. For example, microbes are separated into colonies and fungi. The coliform colony is obtained by the coated plate method.
(2) semisolid medium. It is a semisolid state with a small amount of coagulant added to the liquid medium. It can be used to observe the movement of bacteria, identify strains and determine the potency of bacteriophages.
It is used to observe the characteristics of microorganism movement. As shown here, the microorganism in the left tube is not moving, but the microorganism in the right tube is moving, so the two test tube is different.
(3) liquid medium. No coagulant is added to the liquid medium. The composition of the medium is uniform, and the microorganism can fully contact and utilize the nutrients in the medium. It is suitable for the study of physiology. It is also used in the fermentation industry because of its high fermentation rate and convenient operation.
It is used to observe the growth state of microbes. In this case, the left side is the surface growth, the right side is the precipitate growth, and the two is the uniform cloudy growth.
3. According to the species of microbe, four kinds of bacteria can be divided into bacteria culture medium, actinomycete medium, yeast culture medium and mould medium.
(1) commonly used bacterial culture media include nutrient broth and nutrient agar medium.
(2) the commonly used actinomycetes culture medium is Gao's No. 1 medium.
(3) commonly used yeast culture medium is potato sucrose medium and wort medium.
(4) the common fungal culture medium includes the sucrose medium of potato, the sucrose of the bean sprout juice (or the glucose, the more expensive glucose) agar medium and the Cha's medium.
4. According to the culture medium, the medium can be divided into enrichment medium, selective medium and differential medium according to its special uses.
(1) basic culture medium. It is a medium containing basic nutrients for growth and reproduction of ordinary microorganisms. Beef paste peptone medium is the most commonly used basal medium.
(2) add rich medium. It is a medium added with blood, serum, animal and plant tissue extract in the basal medium. It is used to cultivate some demanding microorganisms.
(3) select the medium. It is to add special nutrients or chemical substances in ordinary medium to inhibit the growth of the microorganisms that are not needed, and to facilitate the growth of the needed microorganisms. Used to separate certain or certain microorganisms from mixed microbial populations.