細菌培養(yǎng)所需組分索引
發(fā)布時間：
2022-12-24
作者：
1，Agar[瓊脂]：通常由海藻起源，作為細菌生長培養(yǎng)基的凝固劑，防止氧氣進入細菌斜面培養(yǎng)基的底部。
Antibiotics[抗生素]：各種抗生素被添加到瓊脂培養(yǎng)基中，以阻止雜菌生長，或者在克隆實驗種作為一種選擇策略。例如氨芐青霉素，卡那霉素，鏈霉素，甲硝唑和四環(huán)素等。
2，Beef extract[牛肉膏]：復(fù)雜的細菌學(xué)培養(yǎng)基中幾種未定義成分之一，這種成分是維生素和生長因子的來源，有助于促進某些難養(yǎng)菌的生長。
Bile salts[膽汁鹽]：經(jīng)常添加到瓊脂以阻止大多數(shù)革蘭氏陽性菌的生長。它是馬康基氏瓊脂的組分，區(qū)分革蘭氏陰性腸道菌的一種選擇性培養(yǎng)基。
3，Carbon source[碳源]： 可能是任何碳源，包括葡萄糖，蔗糖，乳糖，或半乳糖，通常被用作細菌的主要能量來源。根據(jù)不同的細菌，需要特定的碳源。有時，碳源被精心挑選，以幫助隔離和鑒定特定的細菌物種。
Crystal Violet dye[結(jié)晶紫染料]：用于阻止某些革蘭氏陽性菌的生長，也在麥康凱瓊脂及其他培養(yǎng)基中發(fā)現(xiàn)。
4，DMSO ：雖然不是嚴格的對于細菌生長，DMSO可能作為一種冷凍保護劑被添加到培養(yǎng)基中，在細菌細胞凍結(jié)時防止冰晶的形成，用于儲存及以后使用。
5，Eosin Y [伊紅Y]： 一種在伊紅美藍瓊脂中與亞甲基藍混合使用的染料。這是一種選擇性的瓊脂，用于分離糞便大腸菌。在糞便大腸菌存在的情況下，蔗糖和乳糖發(fā)酵，降低了培養(yǎng)基的pH值。這兩種染料在低pH值中結(jié)合形成暗紫色沉淀。
6，F(xiàn)ructose[果糖]：一種由一些細菌發(fā)酵的糖，加入到培養(yǎng)基中，在pH指示劑[通常是酚紅]存在的情況下，當(dāng)果糖發(fā)酵時，顏色會發(fā)生變化。
7，Gelatin[明膠] ：用于營養(yǎng)明膠培養(yǎng)基，測試某些細菌產(chǎn)生一種胞外酶的能力，明膠酶，可以水解明膠。它對區(qū)分金黃色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌很有用，也用于區(qū)分某些腸道細菌。
8，Horse-blood ：馬血在血液瓊脂平板的濃度約為5%。血液的存在極大地豐富了培養(yǎng)基，促進了苛養(yǎng)菌的生長，同時監(jiān)測培養(yǎng)細胞的溶血活性[破壞紅細胞的能力]。羊血也經(jīng)常這樣使用。
9，Iodine[碘] ：有時被添加到含有淀粉的細菌瓊脂培養(yǎng)基中。碘在淀粉的作用下變成藍色/黑色，所以在添加碘后觀察到無色區(qū)域，表明培養(yǎng)細菌水解了淀粉。
10，Junlon[聚丙烯酸]：在低濃度下添加這種陰離子聚合物有助于促進絲狀細
菌的分散生長，如鏈霉菌屬。
Vitamin[維生素]：通常需要作為補充劑來支持厭氧菌的生長。
Lecithin[卵磷脂]：添加到細菌培養(yǎng)基中檢測和研究某些致病菌中的磷脂酶活性。
11，Mannitol[甘露醇]：用于甘露醇鹽瓊脂的濃度約為5%，選擇葡萄球菌，因為它們能承受高鹽水平。
Major elements[主要元素]：反映了細菌細胞的基本組成，與哺乳動物細胞所需要的主要成分相似，如碳，氫，氮，磷，氧，硫，鉀，鎂，鈣，鐵。這些是通過添加水，小分子，大分子和無機離子提供的。
12，Neutral Red Dye[中性紅染色]：這種染料在瓊脂中出現(xiàn)時，在乳糖發(fā)酵過程中會變成粉紅色。它是MacConkey瓊脂的主要成分之一。
13，Oxygen[氧氣]：除非你正在控制你的設(shè)置，以確保一個無氧生長環(huán)境，否則培養(yǎng)基中一定有氧氣的存在。
14，Peptones[蛋白胨] ：蛋白胨來自于動物牛奶或肉類的蛋白質(zhì)水解消化，并被用于許多不同的營養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)基中，用于細菌生長[也用于真菌生長培養(yǎng)基]。
15，Ribose[核糖] ：一種由一些細菌發(fā)酵的糖，加入培養(yǎng)基中，在pH指示劑[通常是酚紅]存在時，當(dāng)核糖被發(fā)酵時，顏色會發(fā)生變化。
16，Soytone[大豆胨] ：一種大豆粉的酶消化物，被用作細菌和其他生物的一般和非選擇性的營養(yǎng)來源。
17，Trace elements[微量元素] ：金屬離子需要量通常很小，以至于它們無法測量，也不會被特別添加到生長介質(zhì)中。盡管如此，它們對細菌的生長很重要，細菌的主要微量元素有錳，鈷，鋅和銅。
18，Urea[尿素] ：有時與pH指示劑結(jié)合使用，以幫助識別和區(qū)分腸道細菌。某些細菌能產(chǎn)生胞外酶脲酶，將尿素水解成氨和二氧化碳，從而增加pH值并使培養(yǎng)基變紅。某些細菌，如變形桿菌屬的成員，可以迅速降解尿素。這一檢測對從沙門氏菌中甄別出變形桿菌屬起著至關(guān)重要的作用。
19，Vitamins[維生素] ：有些細菌有能力合成它們生長所需的所有維生素，而另一些細菌則需要補充，作為基本代謝功能的輔酶。細菌的維生素要求與我們的需求非常相似!
20，Xylose[木糖] ：與賴氨酸一起，木糖是賴氨酸脫氧膽酸鹽瓊脂的重要組成部分。這是一種選擇性培養(yǎng)基，用于從臨床和食物樣本中分離出沙門氏菌和志賀氏菌。這個培養(yǎng)基的pH值大約為4，由于酚紅的存在，呈亮粉色/紅色。腸道細菌，如沙門氏菌，發(fā)酵木糖，并產(chǎn)生酸，使顏色變黃。志賀氏菌群不能這樣，因此保持紅色。
21，Yeast extract[酵母膏] ：一種酵母來源的未定義混合物，它支持許多細菌的生長，并提供b族維生素，氨基酸和氮的來源。
22，Zwitterion compounds[兩性離子化合物]：這些，以及磷酸鹽，檸檬酸鹽，醋酸鹽，以及某些氨基酸，都是用來保持培養(yǎng)基pH值的緩沖劑。
Component index for bacterial culture
1, Agar [Qiong Zhi] - usually derived from seaweed, as a coagulant for bacterial growth media, to prevent oxygen from entering the bottom of the bacterial slant culture medium.
Antibiotics [antibiotics] - various antibiotics are added to agar medium to prevent the growth of heterozygous bacteria, or as a selection strategy in clonal experimental species. For example, ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, metronidazole and tetracycline.
2, Beef extract [beef paste] - one of several undefined components in the complex bacteriological medium, which is a source of vitamins and growth factors, and helps to promote the growth of certain refractory bacteria.
Bile salts [bile salt] - often added to agar to prevent the growth of most gram positive bacteria. It is a selective medium for differentiating gram negative intestinal bacteria from the components of KINGE's agar.
3, Carbon source [Tan Yuan] - probably any carbon source, including glucose, sucrose, lactose, or galactose, is usually used as the main source of energy for bacteria. According to different bacteria, specific carbon sources are needed. Sometimes, carbon sources are carefully selected to help isolate and identify specific bacterial species.
Crystal Violet dye [crystal violet dye] used to prevent the growth of some gram-positive bacteria was also found in wheat Kang Kai agar and other media.
4, DMSO - although not strictly for the growth of bacteria, DMSO may be added to the medium as a cryopreservation agent to prevent the formation of ice crystals during the freezing of bacterial cells for storage and later use.
5, Eosin Y [eosin Y] - a dye mixed with methylene blue in eosin methylene blue agar. This is a selective agar for the isolation of fecal coliform bacteria. In the presence of fecal coliform, sucrose and lactose fermentation reduced the pH value of the medium. These two dyes combine to form dark purple precipitates at low pH values.
6, Fructose [fructose] - a sugar fermented by some bacteria, added to the medium, and when the pH indicator [usually phenol red] exists, when the fructose is fermented, the color changes.
7, Gelatin [Ming Jiao] - used to nourish Ming Jiao medium, test the ability of certain bacteria to produce an extracellular enzyme, gelatinase, which can hydrolyze Ming Jiao. It is very useful for differentiating Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and also for differentiating certain intestinal bacteria.
8, Horse-blood - horse blood in the blood agar plate concentration of about 5%. The presence of blood greatly enriched the culture medium, promoted the growth of caustic bacteria, and monitored the hemolytic activity of cultured cells [the ability to destroy red blood cells]. Sheep blood is often used in this way.
9, Iodine [iodine] - sometimes added to the starch agar medium containing starch. Iodine turns blue / Black under the action of starch, so after adding iodine, a colorless region is observed, which indicates that the cultured bacteria hydrolyze the starch.
10, Junlon [polyacrylic acid] - adding this anion polymer at low concentration can help to promote filamentous.
The scattered growth of the bacteria, as of the genus Streptomyces.
Vitamin [vitamin] - usually used as a supplement to support the growth of anaerobic bacteria.
Lecithin [Luan Linzhi] - added to bacterial culture medium to detect and study phospholipase activity in some pathogenic bacteria.
11, Mannitol [Gan Luchun] - for Gan Luchun salt agar, the concentration is about 5%, and staphylococci are chosen because they can withstand high salt levels.
Major elements [main element] - reflects the basic composition of bacterial cells, similar to the main components needed by mammalian cells, such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron. These are provided by adding water, small molecules, macromolecules and inorganic ions.
12, Neutral Red Dye [neutral red staining] - this dye turns pink in the process of lactose fermentation when it occurs in agar. It is one of the main components of MacConkey agar.
13, Oxygen [oxygen] - unless you are controlling your settings to ensure an anaerobic environment, there will be oxygen in the medium.
14, Peptones [peptone] - peptone is hydrolyzed from protein hydrolysates of animal milk or meat and is used in many different nutrient medium for bacterial growth [also used in fungal growth medium].
15, Ribose [ribose] - a sugar fermented by some bacteria, added to the medium, and when the pH indicator [usually phenol red] exists, when the ribose is fermented, the color changes.
16, Soytone [soy peptone], a digestive enzyme from soybean flour, is used as a general and non selective source of nutrients for bacteria and other organisms.
17, Trace elements [trace elements] - the demand for metal ions is usually so small that they can not be measured and will not be added to the growth medium. Nevertheless, they are important for the growth of bacteria. The main trace elements of bacteria are manganese, cobalt, zinc and copper.
18, Urea [urea] - sometimes used in combination with pH indicators to help identify and distinguish intestinal bacteria. Certain bacteria can produce extracellular enzyme urease, hydrolyze urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, thereby increasing pH and reddening the medium. Some bacteria, such as Proteus, can rapidly degrade urea. This test plays a vital role in screening Proteus from Salmonella.
19, Vitamins [vitamin] - some bacteria have the ability to synthesize all the vitamins they need to grow, while others need to be supplemented as a coenzyme of basic metabolic function. The vitamin requirements of bacteria are very similar to our needs.
20, Xylose [xylose] - together with lysine, xylose is an important component of lysine deoxycholate agar. This is a selective medium for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from clinical and food samples. The pH value of the medium is about 4, which is bright pink / red due to the presence of phenol red. Intestinal bacteria, such as Salmonella, ferment xylose and produce acid to turn yellow. Shigella can't do this, so it keeps red.
21, Yeast extract [yeast extract] - an undefined mixture derived from yeast, which supports the growth of many bacteria and provides a source of B vitamins, amino acids and nitrogen.
22, Zwitterion compounds [amphoteric ion compound] - these, as well as phosphate, citrate, acetate, and some amino acids, are used as buffers to maintain the pH value of the medium.